High performance, equity and digital maturity — but also a warning about reading, cognitive effort and the age of AI By Mehmet ALTAYFounder & International Projects Director, Teachers Education Academy Estonia enters the PISA 2025 debate from a position that very few education systems can claim. It is not simply a high-performing country in one subject, nor is its international reputation based only on digitalisation. According to the OECD’s PISA 2025 Results (Volume I): Futu

For the past few years, much of the conversation about artificial intelligence in education has focused on tools. Which AI platform should teachers use? How can generative AI support lesson planning? Which prompts produce better results? In 2026, I believe we have reached a turning point. The real question for European education is no longer: “Can teachers and students use AI?” It is: “Do our schools have the knowledge, competences, ethical awareness and institutional capacit